Balancing Work and Motherhood: A Scoping Review on the Experiences and Challenges of Breastfeeding Working Mothers in Pakistan: Breastfeeding Challenges of Working Mothers in Pakistan

Asma Gulzar Ali; Shamim Chandani; Anny Ashiq Ali; Yasmin Tahira

doi:10.54393/nrs.v5i4.194

Authors

Asma Gulzar Ali School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Shamim Chandani Department of Nursing, Baqai University, Karachi, Pakistan
Anny Ashiq Ali Department of Nursing, Iqra University Nursing College, Karachi, Pakistan
Yasmin Tahira Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Pakpattan, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/nrs.v5i4.194

Keywords:

Breastfeeding, Working Mothers, Pakistan, Workplace Policy, Maternal Health, Lactation Support

Abstract

Breastfeeding is an essential public health practice that supports optimal well-being among mothers and infants. Objectives: To map current evidence on working mothers' experiences, challenges, and facilitators related to breastfeeding in Pakistan, and to identify successful workplace interventions and policy gaps. Methods: This systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2019 and 2024. Following the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews), qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method empirical studies were included, while reviews, commentaries, and non-peer-reviewed articles were excluded. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria after screening 1,727 records. Results: Four major themes were identified: (1) structural and institutional barriers such as short maternity leave, lack of lactation rooms, and rigid work schedules; (2) cultural and social constraints including stigma and awkwardness in the workplace; (3) organizational and supervisory support, including managerial backing, flexible work policies, and child-care facilities; and (4) policy and advocacy gaps caused by weak enforcement of labor laws and limited employer awareness. Only 20–25% of establishments provided lactation support, and most mothers discontinued exclusive breastfeeding within 8 to 12 weeks after returning to work. Conclusions: Institutional, cultural, and policy-level determinants affect breastfeeding continuation among working mothers in Pakistan. Policy enforcement, work accommodations, and organizational support practices are essential. A multi-sectoral effort with policy reform, education, and advocacy can foster breastfeeding-supportive work environments and enhance maternal and child health.

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